International Conference on Gastroenterology and Liver March 18-19, 2020 Amsterdam, Netherlands

Irritable bowel syndrome is a condition in which the colon muscle contracts more often than in people without IBS, certain foods, medicines and emotional stress are some factors that can trigger IBS.

Symptoms-

Abdominal pain and cramps, excess gas, bloating, change in bowel habits such as harder, looser or abnormal, alternating constipation and diarrhoea.

Treatments-

Avoiding Caffeine, Increasing fibre in the diet, Minimizing stress or learning different ways to cope with stress and sometimes even due to medicine.

Digestive disorders are common in children due to lack of Nutrition with the symptoms like abdominal pain etc. GIT and Brain are closely connected and functional conditions are due to a combination of extra sensitivity of the GI tract, with changes in the motility or movement of the digestive system. Our stomachs and intestines are moving food all the time and some people feel this more intensely than other people. Paediatric hepatologists provide both tertiary and national hepatology services in designated centres. They diagnose and manage paediatric liver diseases, such as acute and chronic liver failure and are co-located with transplant services to provide care for liver and small bowel transplantation patients. They understand the indications, benefits and risks of procedures for diagnostic evaluation and possess specialised skills in performing and interpreting the results of tests, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy and liver biopsy.

• Paediatric Gastroenterologists cares for children with a wide range of gastrointestinal & nutritional problems, including children with severe constipation, gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis, coeliac disease and chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

The digestive system is a vital collection of organs like Mouth, larynx, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Small & Large intestine Duodenum and Anus. Aging may risk of something going wrong in the digestive system continues to rise, due to the attained after a long time effects from diet, lifestyle, diseases, and medications. In the elderly people, new medical issues can arise, like Diverticular disease or colorectal cancer, dyspepsia, Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis), celiac disease, and GERD.

• Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease

• NSAID Complications

• Diverticular Disease

• Colorectal Cancer

• Dysphagia.

Pregnancy causes various Anatomical and Physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract due to this gastrointestinal disorder are most common during pregnancy due to increased levels of Progesterone. Symptoms like Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation are the rare complications during pregnancy. Different GIT disorders respond to different kind of treatments, so better take suggestions from a physiacian.

It is uncommon but serious type of cancer; primary liver cancer that begins in the liver whereas secondary liver cancer develops another part of the body and spread to the liver. Symptoms of live cancer are often vague and don’t appear until the cancer is in advanced stage.

Symptoms-

Unintentional weight loss, loss of appetite, feeling sick & vomiting, Pain & swelling in the abdomen, itchy skin and feeling very tired & weak.  

Treatment for liver cancer depends on the stage the condition is at. If diagnosed early, it may be possible to remove the cancer completely.

Treatment options in the early stages of liver cancer include:

• surgical resection – surgery to remove a section of liver

• liver transplant – where the liver is replaced with a donor's liver

• microwave or radiofrequency ablation – where microwaves or radio waves are used to destroy the cancerous cells

This is the most common causes of Upper GI bleeding. Peptic ulcers are sores that develop on the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine. Stomach acid, either bacteria or use of anti-inflammatory drugs damages the lining which leads to formation of sores due to this bleeding starts which irritates and forms ulcers. Ulceration can be prevented by proper intake of food and avoiding excess acid secretion in the stomach. There are various methods that cures the peptic ulcers.

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• \r\n Persistent indigestion and heartburn\r\n
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• \r\n Trapped wind and frequent burning\r\n
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• \r\n Bloated with meals\r\n
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• \r\n Persistent stomach pain\r\n
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• \r\n Blood in the poo\r\n
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• \r\n Loss of appetite\r\n
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• \r\n Weight loss.\r\n
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Gastrointestinal Pathology is sub discipline of surgical Pathology. It deals with the analysis and exposure of growth and non-neoplastic diseases of the epithelial duct and accent organs, like the exocrine gland and liver.
Though pathology diagnosing could be a important determinant of future cancer risk and screening interval, several of those diagnoses don't lead to important morbidity or mortality for patients; therefore, errors could also be "masked" by the restricted impact to the patient within the gift context.

• Diagnostic Histopathology

• Endoscopic Biopsies

• Pancreatic Biliary Systems

• Gastrointestinal Physiology

• Histomorphology

• Gastrointestinal Tissue

• Hematemesis

• Hematochezia

Gastric Cancer is the uncommon type of Cancer. Gastric cancer develops in the cells of the stomach lining and is known as adenocarcinomas and other type of stomach cancers include Lymphoma of the stomach, which is observed in the Lymphatic tissue and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.  Gastric cancers are treated by advance technics like chemotherapy and radiotherapy and in some cases by surgery as well.

Symptoms:

• Persistent indigestion and heartburn

• Trapped wind and frequent burning

• Bloated with meals

• Persistent stomach pain

• Blood in the poo

• Loss of appetite

• Weight loss.

Endoscope is a medical device which is a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, where Doctor used to examine a person’s gastrointestinal tract by Non-Surgical Procedure. Endoscopy is done to examine the cause of abnormal symptoms in the body, removal of small tissue samples for laboratory testing which is known as Endoscopic Biopsy. Endoscopy is of different types based on the area of the body they Investigate.

• Arthroscopy- Joints

• Bronchoscopy-Lungs

• Colonoscopy- Colon

• Enteroscopy- Small Intestine

• Laparoscopy- Abdomen.

It is a medical instrument used in surgical procedure to view in to abdominal part of the body. It determines the condition like Endometriosis and helpful in treating Ovarian cyst removal, tubal ligation, Hysterectomy. Laparoscopic surgery is also called as ‘Minimally Invasive Surgery’. Laparoscopic Surgery reduces the risk of Pain, Forms lesser scars, Contamination of the Internal parts and also Hospital stay of the patient also decreases are the main advantages of the Laparoscopic technique.

It works on "brain of the gut," which is a part of the nervous system and controls motility, endocrine secretions, and microcirculation of the gastrointestinal system. It mainly focuses on common Functional Gastrointestinal disorders like Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Heartburn, Abdominal Pain, Peptic Ulcer and Gallstone Pancreatitis which manages the gastrointestinal motility and Functional GIT disorders. Psychiatric relations to functional GIT disorders are included and treated though Neurogastroenterologic methods especially discomfort in abdomen and pain in the digestive tract.

The latest innovations in Gastroenterology where the colorectal cancer screening, capsule endoscopy, cures for hepatitis virus and new biological therapies are some of the recent advances in the field. Neurogastroenterology targets mainly on the functions, malfunctions & malformations of the sympathetic, parasympathetic & enteric divisions of the digestive tract.

• Latest advances in gastrointestinal disorder treatments

• Various technics used to treat GIT diseases

Middle part of the GIT is examined through various methods which includes mainly three portions of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). Various different techniques are used in treating various gastrointestinal disorders.

• Capsule Endoscopy

• Colonoscopy

• Gastroscopy

• Endoscope

• Enteroscopy

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

• Gastroscopy.

An upper gastrointestinal series, also called an upper gastrointestinal study or contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract, is a series of radiographs used to examine the gastrointestinal tract for abnormalities. Radiology can be done in many ways like x-ray, computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging. Computed tomography now allows comprehensive assessment of abdominal and pelvic inflammatory and infectious processes, obstruction, tumour detection and staging, and display of vasculature and blunt trauma effects.

• Double Bubble Radiology

• Fetal Ultrasound

• Barium enema

• CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)

• Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis

• Duodenal Atresia

There is a higher genetic diversity in tumour cells which holds at the gene expression level. Through knowing the gene expression level we can regulate the hepatocellular carcinoma during hepatitis viral infection. Disease progression in HBV and HCV induced can influence by both environmental factors and genetic risk factors. Nucleic acid mediated gene therapy has been undergoing clinical trials which may result towards prevention of chronic liver diseases by regulating mechanism of different proteins expression using miRNA overexpression and mRNA functional silencing.

• Genetics and epigenetics of liver cancer

• Human liver proteome project

The goals of the division of Gastroenterology research programs are to advance knowledge in the areas of gastroenterology and hepatology through innovative basic science, translational, and clinical research and to foster the spirit of scientific inquiry among faculty, fellows, residents, and students. Gastroenterology Division researchers are actively involved in numerous projects in the study of the biology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal and liver diseases.

• Colon cancer screening.

• Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis 

• hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver disease

• Role of adiposity in esophageal and colorectal cancers

• Progression of chronic liver disease and serum bile acids

• HIV and mucosal immunology

Immunosuppressive agents used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases will increase the risk of infectious, several of which are preventable through vaccination. An oral vaccine against rotavirus infection, a common cause of sickness and diarrhoea in 8 – 12 weeks babies, along with their routine side vaccination. Rotavirus vaccine helps babies to build up immunity which fights against the virus attack. Rotarix is used in many countries worldwide but there is no issues raised till now as per the survey.

Genetics and Genomics will strongly influence the GIT. Molecular biology has become the integral part of the basic clinical Gastroenterology. A broad spectrum of infectious, inheritable and malignant epithelial duct diseases will currently be studied by molecular ways, together with enzyme chain reaction, crossbreeding and polymer sequence analyses. From common disorders like large intestine cancer, inflammation and multiple polyps; to rare conditions like hereditary injury telangiectasia, information of genomic developments is more and more extremely helpful to doctors and their patients.

Stem cells therapies represent a new field of biomedical science which could provide in the future the cure for diseases until now incurable. Many gastrointestinal diseases are a major reason for the increased mortality rate of children and adults every year.  However, intestinal transplantation is still accompanied by many challenges, including immune rejection and donor availability, which may limit the transplant's success. The development of more safe and promising alternative treatments for intestinal diseases is still ongoing. Stem cell-based therapy (SCT) and tissue engineering (TE) appear to be the next promising choices for the regeneration of the damaged intestine. However, suitable stem cell source is required for the SCT and TE process. Thus, in this review we discuss how intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are a promising cell source for small intestine diseases.

Here, we report on the issues discussed, including liver and intestinal diseases that may benefit from stem cell therapy, the biology of hepatic and intestinal tissue repair, and stem cell usage in clinical trials.

Gastrointestinal cancers account for approximately 25% of all cancer deaths in the Western world. There is a basic preventive approach that can utilize biomarkers in order to stratify patients into appropriate screening or surveillance programs. Biomarkers are clinical variables associated with clinical outcomes. In cancer biology, the best biomarkers are germ line adenomatous polyposis coli mutations, which are highly predictive of colon cancer. In other areas, such as Barrett’s oesophagus, despite early excellent success in identifying the importance of p16, p53, and aneuploidy in oesophageal adenocarcinoma pathogenesis, useful biomarkers are still not widely used in clinical practice. New molecular biomarkers are identified in the future like epigenetic methylation patterns and genetic polymorphisms. In the meantime, clinicians must rely on robust, inexpensive methods such as standard histopathology. Dysplasia is still the mainstay of cancer prediction in most inflammatory disorders of the GI tract and is an independent marker of cancer risk.